Low Back Pain References

Last updated: 13 November 2024
  1. Airaksinen O, Hildebrandt J, Mannion AF, et al. Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2006 Mar(15)(Suppl 2):S192-S300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3454542/pdf/586_2006_Article_1072.pdf. Accessed 18 Apr 2015. PMID: 16550448
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  12. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Low back pain: early management of persistent non-specific low back pain. NICE clinical guideline 88. NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg88/resources/guidance-low-back-pain-pdf. May 2009. Accessed 18 Apr 2015.
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  14. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of chronic pain. SIGN. http://www.sign.ac.uk/. Dec 2013. Accessed 18 Apr 2015.
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  17. Chou R. Subacute and chronic low back pain: nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jul 2020. Accessed 09 Jan 2020.
  18. Chou R, Deyo R, Friedly J, et al. Noninvasive treatments for low back pain. Comparative effectiveness review no. 169. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. http://www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov. Feb 2016.
  19. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Health care guideline: adult acute and subacute low back pain. ICSI. https://www.icsi.org. Mar 2018. Accessed 24 Sep 2018.
  20. Institute of Health Economics Alberta Canada. Evidenced-informed primary care management of low back pain. Clinical practice guideline. Toward Optimized Practice . http://www.topalbertadoctors.org. Dec 2015. Accessed 24 Sep 2018.
  21. Knight CL, Deyo RA, Staiger TO, et al. Treatment of acute low back pain. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 19 Mar 2020. Accessed 09 Dec 2020.
  22. Oliveira CB, Maher CG, Pinto RZ, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: an update overview. Eur Spine J. 2018 Nov;27(11):2791-2803. doi: 10.1007/s00586-018-5673-2. Accessed 24 Sep 2018. PMID: 29971708
  23. Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine (PARM). Clinical practice guideline on the diagnosis and management of low back pain. PARM. http://www.parm.com.ph. 2011. Accessed 24 Sep 2018.
  24. Wheeler SG, Wipf JE, Staiger TO, et al. Evaluation of low back pain in adults. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com. 25 Jun 2019. Accessed 24 Sep 2018.
  25. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management. NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk. Nov 2016. Accessed 10 Jul 2017.
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  30. North American Spine Society (NASS). Evidence-based clinical guidelines for multidisciplinary spine care: diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. NASS. https://www.spine.org/. 2020. Accessed 07 Dec 2020.
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  32. Chou R. Subacute and chronic low back pain: nonsurgical interventional treatment. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 02 Jan 2020. Accessed 09 Dec 2020.
  33. Erdil M. Occupational low back pain: evaluation and management. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 03 Nov 2018. Accessed 09 Dec 2020.
  34. Chou R. Subacute & chronic low back pain: surgical treatment. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Apr 2020. Accessed 16 Mar 2021.
  35. ClinicalKey. Chronic low back pain in adults. ClinicalKey. https://www.clinicalkey.com/. Mar 2021. Accessed 16 Mar 2021.
  36. ClinicalKey. Clinical overview: acute low back pain. ClinicalKey. https://www.clinicalkey.com/. Apr 2019.
  37. Hartigan C, Bernard KK. Exercise-based therapy for low back pain. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Aug 2019. Accessed 16 Mar 2021.
  38. Hegmann KT, Travis R, Belcourt RM, et al. Diagnostic tests for low back disorders. J Occup Environ Med. 2019 Apr;61(4):e155-e168. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001551. PMID: 30694882
  39. Jarvik JG, Deyo RA. Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain w/ emphasis on imaging. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Oct;137(7):586-597. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-137-7-200210010-00010. PMID: 12353946
  40. Expert Panel on Neurological Imaging; Hutchins TA, Peckham M, Shah LM, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® low back pain: 2021 update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 Nov;18(11S):S361-S379. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2021.08.002. PMID: 34794594
  41. Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense. VA/DoD Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. Version 3.0-2022. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. https://www.healthquality.va.gov. 2022.
  42. Australian Commission for Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC). Low back pain clinical care standard. ACSQHC. https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/. Sep 2022.
  43. Casiano V, Sarwan G, Dydyk A, et al. Back pain. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Feb 2023.
  44. Chan K. Back pain. American College of Rheumatology. https://rheumatology.org/. Apr 2023. Accessed 24 Jul 2023.
  45. Chou R. Subacute & chronic low back pain: nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Apr 2023. Accessed 24 Jul 2023.
  46. Hong JY, Song KS, Cho JH, et al. An updated overview of low back pain management. Asian Spine J. 2022 Dec;16(6):968-982. doi: 10.31616/asj.2021.0371. PMID: 34963043
  47. Knight C, Deyo R, Staiger T, et al. Treatment of acute low back pain. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Nov 2022.
  48. Nicol V, Verdaguer C, Daste C, et al. Chronic low back pain: a narrative review of recent international guidelines for diagnosis & conservative treatment. J Clin Med. 2023 Feb;12(4):1685. doi: 10.3390/jcm12041685. Accessed 24 Jul 2023. PMID: 36836220
  49. Freeman BJ. IDET: a critical appraisal of the evidence. Eur Spine J. 2006 Aug;`5(Suppl 3):S448-S457. doi: 10.1007/s00586-006-0156-2. PMID: 16868786
  50. Baroncini A, Maffulli N, Al-Zyoud H, et al. Nonopioid pharmacological management of acute low back pain: A level I of evidence systematic review. J Orthop Res. 2023 Aug;41(8):1781-1791. doi: 10.1002/jor.25508. PMID: 36811209
  51. Macedo F, Annaswamy T, Coller R, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: Synopsis of the 2021 US Department of Veterans Affairs and US Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2024 May;103(4):p 350-355. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000002356. Accessed 17 May 2024
  52. Hartigan C. Exercise therapy for low back pain. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 27 Feb 2024.
  53. Knight C, Deyo R, Staiger T, et al. Treatment of acute low back pain. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 18 Aug 2023.