Introduction
- The fourth most common cancer in women and the leading cause of mortality in women worldwide
- The third most common cancer among women in Malaysia in 2017; seventh in Hong Kong in 2018; second in the Philippines and Indonesia in 2020
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common cause of cervical cancer
Types of Cervical Carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma: Most common type
- Adenocarcinoma
- Other types, eg neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix (NECC), adenoma malignum
Signs and Symptoms
- The earliest stages of cervical carcinoma are generally asymptomatic
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding initially as postcoital bleeding, later becoming profuse
- Vaginal discharge
- Lower back pain, pelvic pain
- Dyspareunia
- Dysuria