Bladder cancer is an uncontrollable growth of cancer cells in the hollow organs of the pelvis which is the bladder
Most common cancer involving the urinary system and it is the 10th most commonly diagnosed in the world
It is the 6th common cancer in US, 11th in UK and 14th in Asia
It is the 9th most common cancer in men in Malaysia, and 10th most common cancer in men in Singapore
The predominant histologic type of bladder cancer is the urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma
Less common histologic types include squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
It is 3-4 times prevalent in men than in women
Bladder cancer is the 7th most common cancer in men and the 17th most common cancer in women
But women present with more advanced disease and have worse survival
Signs and Symptoms
Microscopic or gross, painless hematuria is the most common presenting complaint
Gross hematuria is associated with higher disease stage than microscopic hematuria
Urinary frequency from irritation or a reduced bladder capacity can also develop
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) may be suspected in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (eg irritative voiding)
Dysuria and urgency are other complaints
Less commonly, a urinary tract infection (UTI) is the presenting symptom
Upper tract obstruction or pain may occur in more advanced tumors
Yếu tố nguy cơ
Active and passive tobacco smoking is the most important risk factor for bladder cancer
Tobacco smoke contains aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that are renally excreted
Occupational exposure to aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons is the second most important risk factor for bladder cancer
Occurs mainly in industrial plants processing paint, dye, metal and petroleum products
Increasing age
Mean age of diagnosis is 73 years old
Exposure to ionizing radiation is connected with increased risk
There is an increased risk of developing bladder cancer in patients undergoing external-beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy or a combination
Bladder schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium)
Well-established relationship relationship with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
Genetic predisposition
Has shown to influence the incidence of bladder cancer through its impact on the susceptibility to other risk factors
Increased risk for 1st- and 2nd-degree relatives
Inherited mutations in carcinogen-detoxification genes such as N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) and glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) are associated with susceptibility to bladder cancer
