Giới thiệu
- Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a common, age-related, chronic, progressive disorder caused by loss or degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain
- Pathologic hallmark is loss of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons with surviving neurons often containing a characteristic cytoplasmic inclusion body (Lewy body)
- Increased prevalence and incidence rates are noted in the elderly
- Men have higher incidence rate, with relative risk 1.5 times more than in women
Signs and Symptoms
- Early symptoms are subtle and occur gradually
Motor signs and symptoms
- Resting tremor
- Rigidity
- Bradykinesia
- Postural instability
Nonmotor signs and symptoms
- Autonomic (eg gastrointestinal dysfunction, urinary and sexual dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension, hyperhidrosis)
- Sleep disorders (eg impaired sleep initiation and maintenance, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and excessive daytime sleepiness)
- Sensory (eg pain, hyposmia, visual dysfunction)
- Neuropsychiatric (eg depression, anxiety and panic attacks, dementia, psychosis)