Content on this page:
Content on this page:
Overview
The definitions of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic state are in the Introduction
section.
The Epidemiology
section discusses the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic state as causes of hospital admissions in patients with diabetes.
Both diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic
state arise from a setting of relative or absolute insulin deficiency combined
with an increase in circulating counterregulatory hormones such as glucagon,
cortisol, growth hormone, and catecholamines. The Pathophysiology section further elaborates on these
mechanisms.
Precipitating risk factors for developing diabetic
ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state are enumerated in the Risk Factors section.
The different types of diabetic ketoacidosis and
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state are enumerated and described in the Classification section.
History and Physical Examination
Vital symptoms to elicit in the patient’s history is in the History section. During Physical Examination, symptoms of altered mental status are necessary to be identified. These symptoms are mentioned in this section.
Diagnosis
Parameters to be considered in the diagnosis of diabetic
ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults and children are
enumerated in the Diagnosis or Diagnostic
Criteria section.
Laboratory Tests and
Ancillaries section enumerate the tests that can be performed in
assessing and evaluating a diabetic patient suspected to have diabetic
ketoacidosis and/or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
Other diseases that can cause similar symptoms
that should be ruled out are in the Differential
Diagnosis section.
Management
Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state are
best managed in the intensive care unit.
Drugs that can be considered in the management of diabetic
ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state are discussed in the Pharmacological Therapy section. Some of these
include IV fluids, Insulin and Somatostatin.
Educating the patient regarding the disease and what to do
when diabetic ketoacidosis and/or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state presents in
a patient is essential and details of these are discussed in the Nonpharmacological section.
The Monitoring
section explains methods in assessing the effect of management
to the patient.
