Giới thiệu
- Rubella, also known as German measles or 3-day measles, is a mild & self-limiting disease associated w/ a characteristic rash
- Before vaccination era, the peak incidence is in 5-14 yrs of age
- Currently, it involves the adolescents or young adults
Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)
- Neonatal manifestations of rubella during maternal infection
- Severity of effects on the fetus varies according to the gestational age at which the maternal infection occurs
- The most severe & widespread defects occur during maternal infection in the 1st trimester of gestation
Nguyên nhân
- A single-stranded RNA virus classified as a togavirus, genus Rubivirus
- Transmission is through airborne or droplets shed from respiratory secretions
- Highly communicable on the onset of the rash, however viral shedding may also occur 5-7 days before, to 5-7 days or more following appearance of the rash
- Incubation period is 14-21 days
Signs and Symptoms
- Prodromal symptoms of low-grade fever, conjunctivitis, sore throat, coryza, headaches, malaise & lymphadenopathy usually last for 1-5 days before the onset of rash
- The prominent lymph nodes are the suboccipital, postauricular & anterior cervical nodes
- Rash is maculopapular & appears 14-17 days after exposure
- Rash begins on the face & forehead as small, irregular pink macules that coalesce
- It spreads centrifugally to the trunk & extremities as discrete macules
- It then resolves w/in 3 days in the same order it appeared, usually without desquamation
- May be more prominent after taking a bath or a hot shower
- The rash may be pruritic
- Forschheimer spots on the soft palate may be noted about the time of rash onset, but are not diagnostic
- May be asymptomatic in 25% to 50% of patients